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8. Rhipicephalus bursa Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877
 Map 41 Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya; Europe: Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, former Yugoslavia, Albania, Switzerland, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania (southern), Ukraine (southern), and the islands: Madeira, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and Cyprus; Russia (North Caucasus and Lower Volga region); Asia: Turkey, Syria, Israel, Iraq (northern), Iran (northern), Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and China (Xingjiang). Two-host species. All stages parasitize livestock, preferring sheep and goats. Ticks seldom infest wild mammals or humans. In the northern parts of their range, adults feed on hosts from April to September with maximum activity in May to July. Larvae begin to parasitize in September and molt on the host. Nymphs are located on the hosts until the end of November. In southern regions, nymphs parasitize during the entire cold season. Life cycle takes one year. The species is common and in some countries (Turkey and Bulgaria) it is abundant. As a vector of many diseases to livestock, it is a serious pest to animal husbandry. Literature: Kolonin (1992b), Filippova (1997), Teng and Jiang (1991), Beesley and Gabai (1991), Walker et al. (2003).
9. Rhipicephalus camicasi Morel, Mouchet and Rodhain, 1976
 Map 13 Africa: Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, and Kenya; Asia: Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Jordan. Adults were collected from livestock and a wide variety of wild mammals, from hare to zebra. Immature ticks have been described, but their hosts in nature are unknown. Adults are active in the dry season. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
10. Rhipicephalus capensis Koch, 1844
 Map 14 Republic of South Africa (Cape Province). Most adults were collected from the eland, oryx, cattle, horses, bontebuck, mountain zebra, and fox. Immature ticks apparently parasitize rodents. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
11. Rhipicephalus carnivoralis Walker, 1966
 Map 19 Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, and Nigeria. Almost all collections were taken from carnivores, such as lion, leopard, hyenas, and cheetah. Accidental hosts include cattle, domestic dogs, and humans. Nymphs were found on hyraxes. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
12. Rhipicephalus complanatus Neumann, 1911
 Map 40 Guinea (southern), Liberia, Cote d’Ivore, Ghana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Zaire, Gabon, Congo, and Angola (northern). Moist equatorial forests. Adults almost exclusively parasitize wild pigs, but ticks occasionally occur on buffalo, bushbuck, and domestic pigs. Immature ticks have not been described. Literature: Walker et al. (2000), Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. (2004).
13. Rhipicephalus compositus Neumann, 1897
 Map 9 Sudan (southern), Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Angola, Zimbabwe, and Malawi. Principal hosts of adults are wild buffalo and cattle. At the same time, in the northern parts of their range (Kenya, Uganda, and Sudan), these ticks are rarely found on cattle, but in Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe this species is a common parasite of cattle. Ticks are also found on other ungulates and carnivores, including dogs. Immature ticks feed on rodents. Adults are active during the end of the dry season, and their life cycle takes one year. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
14. Rhipicephalus cuspidatus Neumann, 1908
Map 41 West Africa from Senegal and Mauritania to the east as far as Sudan. Dry savannas. Species inhabit burrows of the aardvark Orycteropus afer. Life cycle is three-host, and all stages feed on the same species of hosts. Principal hosts of these ticks are the aardvark and the warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, but ticks also parasitize other mammals visiting aardvark burrows. Literature: Walker et al. (2000), Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. (2004).
15. Rhipicephalus deltoideus Neumann, 1910
Map 41 Lesotho. Species is only known from the type collection (one male and three females) taken from an unknown host at the altitude of 2135 m. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
16. Rhipicephalus distinctus Bedford, 1932
 Map 52 Sudan (southern), Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana, Mozambique, and the Republic of South Africa. All stages parasitize various species of hyraxes. Immature ticks were also found on rabbits, rodents, and elephant shrews. In the Republic of South Africa, larvae are active from December to May, nymphs are active from December to March, and imagines are active from August to January. Life cycle takes one year. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
17. Rhipicephalus duttoni Neumann, 1907
Map 41 Angola, Zaire (extreme western), and Namibia (extreme northwestern). Principal hosts of all stages are cattle, but ticks often infest wild buffalo as well. Ticks are found on other domestic and wild mammals considerably less often. Ticks attach to the ears of their hosts. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
18. Rhipicephalus dux Donitz, 1910
 Map 56 Zaire, Uganda (western), Rwanda, and Angola. Humid equatorial forests. Adults were mainly collected on buffaloes. There are collections from various species of wild pigs, elephant, cattle, and domestic pigs. Immature ticks have not been described. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
19. Rhipicephalus evertsi Neumann, 1897
Map 40 Tropical Africa south of the 18th latitude, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia (southwestern). Two-host species. All stages parasitize both wild and domestic ungulates, preferring perissodactyls, such as zebras, horses, donkeys, and mules. Immature ticks also successfully feed on hares, but less often on rodents or birds. In West Africa, ticks only parasitize domestic livestock and are almost never found on wild ungulates. Adults attach to the base of tail and peri-anal area, but immature ticks attach to the ears of their hosts. Ticks are active all year round. Tick bites can cause paralysis in animals. Species is divided into two subspecies. R. evertsi mimeticus Donitz, 1910 occurs in the driest parts of the range, including Namibia, western Botswana, Angola, south-western Zaire, and they have been introduced to the Republic of South Africa. R. evertsi evertsi Neumann, 1897 occupy the rest of the range. In Botswana, ranges of these subspecies overlap. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
20. Rhipicephalus exophthalmos Keirans and Walker, 1993 Map 56 Namibia, Botswana, Republic of South Africa, and Angola (?). Principal hosts of adults are cattle, sheep, goats, antelopes, and hares. Immature ticks were found on hares and elephant shrews. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
21. Rhipicephalus follis Donitz, 1910
 Map 6 Republic of South Africa and Swaziland. Adults mainly parasitize cattle, eland, horses, zebras, sheep, and various antelopes. Immature ticks feed on rodents. Adults are most numerous from August to March. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
22. Rhipicephalus fulvus Neumann, 1913
 Map 60 Tunisia, Niger, and Chad. Adults parasitize domestic livestock, such as sheep, goats, and camels, as well as wild barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia. Ticks were also found on gundis (Rodentia). Immature ticks were collected from the gundis Ctenodactylus gundi and Massoutiera mzabi. Literature: Walker et al. (2000).
23. Rhipicephalus gertrudae Feldman-Muhsam, 1960
 Map 33 Namibia and the Republic of South Africa. |