Literature: Hoogstraal et al. (1967).

Map 6

 Africa south of Sahara (excluding zone of rainforests), Egypt (Nile Valley), Yemen, and Oman.

 Species inhabit both open and forest-covered biotopes from deserts to dry deciduous forests, preferring savannas.

 Principal hosts of adults are livestock and wild mammals, but these ticks also parasitize large birds (ostriches, bustards, and marabous). Immature ticks feed on birds, hares, and hedgehogs. Life cycle is two-host. It is a vector of Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever and some diseases in livestock.

 Literature: Walker et al. (2003), Apanaskevich and Horak (2008a).

Map 23

 Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia (extreme north), Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

 Adults parasitize camels and occasionally other kinds of livestock. Immature ticks feed on rodents, hares, and hedgehogs. Species is most abundant in south-eastern Iran.

 Literature: Kaiser and Hoogstraal (1963, 1964), Al-Asgah et al. (1985).

 Hyalomma detritum Schulze, 1919

Map 56

Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt (?), and Sudan (?); Europe: Spain, France, Italy, former Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, and Russia to the north as far as Kursk, Voronezh, Saratov and Orenburg Oblasts; Asia: Turkey, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and China (from Xingjiang to the east as far as Jilin and Heilongjiang).

Species inhabit biotopes with higher moisture, such as oases, river valleys, canals, and similar habitats. All stages feed on cattle, but ticks can occasionally be found on other kinds of livestock and wild mammals. Species are divided into two biological forms: H. s. scupense and H. s. detritum.

 Life cycle of H. s. scupense is one-host and takes one year. All stages parasitize cattle from October to April. Engorged females drop from hosts in livestock buildings and cow yards. In some regions of Tajikistan, up to 80% of cattle are infested by H. s. scupense during the winter. This form is spread to the north far more than H. s. detritum.

 Life cycle of H. s. detritum is two-host and takes one year. Adults feed on hosts in summer, and immature ticks feed in winter. Engorged females mainly drop from hosts in livestock buildings and cow yards.

Literature: Teng and Jiang (1991), Apanaskevich (2004), Filippova (2003), Walker et al. (2003), Estrada-Peña et al. (2004).

Map 58

 Sinai Peninsula.

Single males and females were collected from goats and camels.

Literature: Feldman-Muhsam (1960), Rubina et al. (1984).

Map 20

 Africa south of Sahara (excluding zone of rainforests).

 Species spread in the zone of tropical forests far more than any other species of Hyalomma.

 Adults parasitize livestock, preferring cattle, and wild mammals, mainly antelopes. There are cases of high infestation rates in giraffes. Principal hosts of immature ticks are hares, but ticks parasitize hedgehogs and rodents as well. Life cycle takes one year, and it can be two-host or three-host. Maximum activity is observed in adults at the end of the rainy season, whereas maximum activity is observed in larvae during the cold and dry season

 Tick bites can cause paralysis in animals and sometimes in humans. It is a vector of Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever and horse piroplasmosis.

 Literature: Walker et al. (2003), Apanaskevich and Horak (2008b).