It is a vector of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, theileriosis, and other diseases in livestock.

 Literature: Pomerantzev (1950), Teng and Jiang (1991).

Map 24

 Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen.

 It is a little known species, the validity of which was restored in 1968. Before that, it was confused with H. dromedarii and H. impeltatum. Consequently, its exact range has not yet been determined.

 Principal hosts of adults are camels, but ticks were found on cattle as well. Immature ticks have been reared, but their hosts in nature are unknown.

 Literature: Pegram et al. (1981, 1982).

Map 45

 This species was previously considered a subspecies of H. anatolicum. Consequently, it is currently difficult to describe its range with certainty. Apparently, it includes the following regions:

 Africa: Mauritania, West Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, Eritrea, and Ethiopia; Europe: Italy, Greece, Albania, and Cyprus; Asia: Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan.

 In contrast to H. anatolicum, this species prefers non-agricultural biotopes, and it avoids oases and arable lands.

 Adults parasitize all kinds of livestock, preferring cattle. Ticks were collected from wild mammals as well. Ticks are occasionally found on hosts in winter. Immature ticks feed on small mammals, including hares, rodents, and hedgehogs. Life cycle is three-host.

 Literature: Hoogstraal et al. (1981), Teng and Jiang (1991), Walker et al. (2003), Estrada-Peña et al. (2004), Apanaskevich and Horak (2005).

Map 23

 Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Israel.

 Adults were found on various kinds of livestock, and one male was collected on a tortoise. Immature ticks mainly parasitize lizards, but can occasionally be found on rodents. Life cycle is three-host. Adults are active in winter, but immature ticks parasitize hosts all year round.

 Literature: Apanaskevich et al. (2008).

Map 2

Republic of South Africa.

 Adults mainly feed on large ungulates, including eland, oryx, wildebeest, zebra, and horses. They are also found on sheep and small antelopes, but considerably less often. Immature ticks parasitize hares, rabbits, and birds. Life cycle is two-host. Adults are most active from November to February, and immature ticks are most active from April to August.

 Remark: Earlier, it was believed to be an introduced form of H. marginatum turanicum (Hoogstraal, 1956).

 Literature: Apanaskevich and Horak (2006).

Map 17

 Pakistan, India (Gujarat, Punjab, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Sikkim), and Myanmar.

 Adults parasitize livestock and dogs, but these ticks were also found on wild animals. Hosts of immature ticks are unknown.

 Literature: Kaiser and Hoogstraal (1964), Robbins et al. (2002).

Map 54

 India (Tamil Nadu).

 Species described from collections of adults from the porcupine Hystrix indica.

 Literature: Dhanda and Raja (1974).

Map 20

 North Africa to the south as far as Senegal, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan, and Tanzania; Asia: Turkey (south-east), Syria, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Oman.

 Adults parasitize various kinds of livestock and are occasionally found on wild ungulates. Immature ticks feed on small mammals, mainly gerbils, and less often on birds and lizards. Life cycle is three-host.

 It is a vector of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever.

 Literature: Hoogstraal (1980), Pegram et al. (1981), Walker et al. (2003).

Map 22

 Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Zaire, and Sudan.

 Not numerous and a poorly studied species. Principal hosts of adults are cattle, but ticks were also found on other domestic mammals and once on a warthog. Nymph and larva were described, but their hosts in natural conditions are practically unknown (two larvae were collected from a hedgehog Atelerix albiventris and a mouse Arvicanthis niloticus).

 Literature: Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. (2004), Apanaskevich and Horak (2007).

Map 22

 Species divided into two subspecies with isolated ranges: H. i. isaaci Sharif, 1928 and H. i. indosinense Toumanoff, 1944.

 H. i. isaaci is spread throughout Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and China (Sichuan and Yunnan). Principal hosts of adults are all kinds of livestock and wild ungulates. In India, a few collections of immature ticks were taken from hares and perching birds. Life cycle is two-host.

 H. i. indosinense occurs on the south-eastern coast of Vietnam, where adults were collected from cattle. It is also reported from China (Hainan Island).

 Literature: Teng and Jiang (1991), Kolonin (1995, 2003), Robbins et al. (2002), Apanaskevich and Horak (2008a).

Map 59

 Iran, Afghanistan (Nuristan), Tajikistan, Pakistan (northern), India, and Nepal (Katmandu).

 Principal hosts of adults are domestic and wild goats, but these ticks are also found on other domestic animals. Immature ticks feed on rodents and birds.

 Literature: Hoogstraal and Valdez (1980), Kolonin (2007).

Map 7

 Africa: Morocco and Algeria; Europe: Portugal, Spain, France, and Italy; Islands: Balearic, Sicily, Sardinia, Canary, Azores, and Madeira.

 Adults parasitize cattle, sheep, and goats, but these ticks were also found on wild ungulates. Principal hosts of immature ticks are rabbits, hares, and hedgehogs. Adults are active all year round with maximum activity recorded in May to July and October to November. Larvae parasitize hosts from May to September, and nymphs from July to September. It is a vector of theileriosis.

 Literature: Walker et al. (2003), Perez-Eid and Cabrita (2003), Estrada-Peña et al. (2004), Apanaskevich et al. (2008).

Map 2

Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and north-western Libya; Europe: Portugal, Spain, France (extreme southern), Italy, former Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia), Albania, Greece, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, and Russia to the north as far as Rostov and Volgograd Oblasts; Asia: Turkey, Syria, Israel, Egypt (Sinai), Iraq, Iran, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tutrkmenistan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and China (as H. rufipes: Xingjiang, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, and Shanxi).

 Principal hosts of adults are all kinds of livestock. Immature ticks feed on birds, hares, and hedgehogs. Life cycle is two-host. It is a principal vector of Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

 Species is divided into two subspecies, H. marginatum marginatum Koch, 1844 and H. marginatum turanicum Pomerantzev, 1946. The border between the two subspecies is stretched along the Caspian Sea. In Iran, the ranges of these two subspecies overlap.

 Note: According to Teng and Jiang (1991), two subspecies of H. marginatum (H. m. isaaci and H. m. indosinense) and the species H. rufipes are present in China. We have a few male specimens of H. marginatum from China (Inner Mongolia, collected from Ovis ammon jubata on 8 December 2005), which are very closely related to H. m. turanicum, but they are noted for darker coloration, denser punctation of scutum, and their projection of spiracular plate is narrower. In these characteristics, our ticks are very similar to H. rufipes, and apparently Teng and Jiang identify such ticks as H. rufipes. There may be other separate subspecies of H. marginatum.

 Literature: Hoogstraal et al. (1981), Pegram et al. (1982), Teng and Jiang (1991), Apanaskevich and Horak (2008a).

Map 23

Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Cote d’Ivor, Burkina Faso, Benin, Chad (extreme southern), Nigeria, Cameroon, and Central African Republic.

 Little known species. It was previously confused with H. truncatum. There is currently a lack of data about the ecology and distribution of this species. Adults were collected from both domestic (cattle, goats, and horses) and wild mammals (buffalo, antelopes, pigs, and jackal). Immature ticks were found on hares and rodents. It is a vector of Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

 Literature: Tomassone et al. (2005), Apanaskevich and Horak (2008b).

Map 16

 Somalia and Ethiopia.

 About 40 adults have been collected from camels, cattle, sheep, goats, and antelope Ammodorcas clarkei.

 Literature: Hoogstraal et al. (1969), Pegram et al. (1981).

Map 12

 Egypt, Israel, and Jordan.

 Ticks were only found in two desert valleys on the shores of the Gulf of Suez and the Dead Sea.

 Little is known about hosts of imago. Ticks were once collected on a gazelle Gazella gazelle, and one male was collected on the mouse Acomys cahirinus. Sometimes ticks were found under stones. Great numbers of immature ticks parasitize Acomys mice from the end of winter to the beginning of autumn.