Sometimes ticks cause paralysis in livestock and deer. It is a vector of tick-borne rickettsial diseases, tularemia, and anaplasmosis.

 Literature: Yunker et al. (1986).

Map 23

 USA (California, south-eastern Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, western Kansas, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas) and Mexico.

 Ticks inhabit open, arid biotopes, and rise up into mountains to the altitude of 2000 m. In deserts of southwest USA, it is the most common species of tick.

 Principal host of adults is the hare Lepus californicus, ticks are rarely found on other species of hares or rabbits. Occasionally, ticks are collected on carnivores, livestock, deer, and humans. Immature ticks feed on rodents and lagomorphs, whereas nymphs prefer hares, but larvae prefer murid rodents.

 Life cycle takes one year. All stages are found on hosts all year round, but females apparently do not feed in winter.

 Literature: Yunker et al. (1986).

Map 59

 Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, and China (Xingjiang).

 Mountain meadows and steppes at an altitude of 1600 to 4200 m.

 Principal hosts of adults are domestic and wild sheep and goats, but ticks infest wild animals more often than domestic. Immature ticks feed on hares, pikas, marmots, and murid rodents. Life cycle takes one year. Adults are active in spring and autumn, but females do not feed in autumn. Immature ticks parasitize all summer and stop in September.

 It is common in Kirghizia. In favorable biotopes, spring infestation of sheep amounts to 100%.

 Literature: Kulik and Vinokurova (1982), Filippova (1997), Teng and Jiang (1991).

Map 7

 Russia (Volgograd Oblast).

 Species described from single female taken from a hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus.

 Note: Apparently, this female is an aberrant Dermacentor specimen.

 Literature: Filippova (1997).

Map 15

 Armenia, Syria, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, and Kashmir), and China (Xingjiang).

 Mountain steppes and semi-deserts.

 Principal hosts of adults are domestic and wild sheep and goats. Immature ticks were collected from pikas and rodents.

 Literature: Filippova (1997), Hoogstraal and Valdez (1980), Kolonin (2006).

Map 23

 Europe: Great Britain (south-western England and western Wales), Spain, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland (northern), Austria, Poland (eastern), Slovakia, Hungary (western), former Yugoslavia, Romania (north-eastern), Lithuania, Belorussia, Ukraine, and Moldavia; Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and China (Xingjiang); in Russia the northern border of the range stretched through Kaliningrad, Pskov, Novgorod, Tver, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, and Nizhni Novgorod Oblasts, Chuvashia, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Omsk, Tomsk, and Kemerovo Oblasts to the Tom River, the southern border stretched through Rostov, Volgograd, Saratov, and Orenburg Oblasts, and a separate spot covers North Caucasus from Krasnodar Kray to Daghestan.

 Species occur in deciduous forests and in forest-steppes. In forests, ticks inhabit open warming areas (forest edges and bushes), and in steppes they inhabit gullies, river valleys, and similar habitats.

 Adults mainly feed on livestock and dogs, but ticks are also found on hares and hedgehogs, and in Poland the principal host is elk. Immature ticks parasitize small mammals.

 Life cycle takes one year. Adults are active in spring and autumn, but immature ticks are active in summer. Occasionally, some adults will winter on hosts. Ticks rarely attach to humans.

 It is a vector of tick-borne encephalitis, tularemia, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and other diseases.

 Literature: Kulik and Vinokurova (1983a), Filippovа (1997), Teng and Jiang (1991).

Map 28

 Historically, species spread in Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, and the Republic of South Africa. Currently, it occurs only where rhinoceroses remain.

 Principal hosts of adults are white and black rhinoceroses, but ticks are occasionally found on other large mammals. Ticks are collected on vegetation more often than on hosts. Ticks locate on hosts around their genitals. A small number of immature ticks were found on rodents.

 Literature: Keirans (1993), Horak and Cohen (2001).

 Dermacentor coreus Itagaki, Noda and Yamaguchi, 1944

Map 17

 Range disjunctive, consisting of separate spots of various sizes and distributed in Russia from Omsk Oblast through Novosibirsk and Kemerovo Oblasts, Altai and Krasnoyarsk Krays, Tuva, Khakasia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia, Chita and Amur Oblasts to Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krays; Kazakhstan (Zaysan Depression, foothills of Saur, and southern Tarbagatai), northern Mongolia, China (Xingjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang), and North Korea. There were also findings in Yakutia and southern Sakhalin.

 Forests and forest-steppes. In the Far East, ticks penetrate into the heart of the taiga along light biotopes (glades, fire-sites, and the like). Most abundance is registered in dry bush and glades in forests. It avoids moist biotopes.

Principal hosts of adults are wild and domestic large and middle-sized mammals, but ticks are found also on hares and hedgehogs. Immature ticks feed on rodents, hares, and hedgehogs. Life cycle takes one year.

 Adults are most active in spring, but a small increase of activity is observed in autumn. Considerable numbers of males and females winter on hosts. In winter, ticks are located exclusively on the ears of hosts. In the foothill forests of Primorsky Kray, 100% of all wild ungulates are infested by ticks in winter, and the number of ticks on one animal can amount to 400 or more. Immature ticks feed on hosts from June to September.

 It is a vector of tick-borne encephalitis, North Asia tick-borne rickettsiosis, and tularemia.

 Literature: Kolonin (1992b), Kolonin et al. (2005), Filippova (1997), Kulik and Vinokurova (1983b), Dash et al. (1988), Teng and Jiang (1991).

 ?Dermacentor asper Arthur, 1960

Map 54

 China (Xingjiang, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang).

 Adults feed on various kinds of livestock, dogs, hares, and hedgehogs. Immature ticks parasitize rodents, hares, and hedgehogs. Adults are active from April to July, and a small increase of activity is observed in autumn. Some males and females winter on hosts. Immature ticks are active in July to August. Life cycle takes one year. This species is common in Inner Mongolia.

 Literature: Teng and Jiang (1991).

Map 20

 Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, and New Guinea.

 Principal hosts of adults are wild pigs. In Vietnam, nymphs feed on small mammals (unpublished data).

 Literature: Wassef and Hoogstraal (1986a, 1988), Kolonin (1995b), Petney and Keirans (1996).

Map 2

 Vietnam, China (Sichuan and Taiwan), and Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Ryukyu).

 Principal hosts of adults are wild pigs, but immature ticks feed on small mammals.

 Literature: Wassef and Hoogstraal (1986b), Hoogstraal et al. (1986), Teng and Jiang (1991), Kolonin (1995b), Petney and Keirans (1996a).

Map 56

 Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, northern Iran, and Mongolia (where?).

 Foothills and mountains up to an altitude of 2000 m.

Ticks inhabit river valleys, lake shores, mountain steppes, bush, and sparsely forested areas.

 Hosts of adults are livestock and wild mammals, while immature ticks parasitize hares and rodents.

 Literature: Kolonin (2006), Filippova (1997).

Map 30

 Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and New Scotland), USA (eastern states, and as far west as Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho), and Mexico (Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Mexico, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Yucatan, and Sonora).

 Ticks inhabit deciduous forests, scrubs, and grassy meadows up to an altitude of 500 m, while preferring moist biotopes. Development of forests results in range extension and a corresponding increase in abundance. This species is common and in some places abundant.

 Principal hosts of adults in developed biotopes are domestic dogs. In moderately developed biotopes, principal hosts are wild carnivores (raccoon, foxes, skunk, and coyote), porcupines, and opossums. Ticks rarely infest livestock and deer, but in Florida a mass infestation of introduced boar is observed. Ticks will attach to humans. Immature ticks parasitize murid rodents and lagomorphs. In northern parts of the range, their life cycle takes two years, but in central and southern parts it only takes one year.

 Tick bites can cause paralysis in animals and humans. It is a vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia.

 Literature: Yunker et al. (1986), Guglielmone et al. (2003a).