Specific parasite of the African elephant. Immature ticks have not been described. Ticks from Mozambique were described as a separate subspecies, D. c. cunha-silvai (Santos Dias, 1952). Rare species.

 Literature: Ntiamoa-Baidu et al. (2004).

Map 57

 Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan).

 Principal hosts of adults are wild pigs. In Vietnam, nymphs feed on small mammals (unpublished data).

 Literature: Wassef and Hoogstraal (1983), Hoogstraal and Wassef (1984b), Kolonin (1995b), Petney and Keirans (1996).

 Dermacentor niveus Neum. – Arthur, 1960; Kolonin, 1984; Filippova, 1989, 1997

Map 50

 Species occurs in Russia (Daghestan, Chechen Republic, Stavropol Kray, Kalmykia, and Astrakhan Oblast), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, north-eastern Iran, and is also found in Sicily, Italy (unpublished data). Apparently it is also present in China (Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Xingjiang) and Mongolia.

 This species mainly occurs in desert and semi-desert regions where it inhabits floodplains, oases, reeds, etc. It goes up into the mountains along river valleys. It is a common species, and it is abundant in the floodplains of Middle-Asian rivers.

 Principal hosts of imago are livestock, and immature ticks feed on small mammals. Life cycle takes one year. Adults are active in spring, and a second increase of activity is registered in autumn. Immature ticks parasitize hosts in summer.

 It is a vector of tularemia, Q-fever, Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and piroplasmoses.

 Note: We restore the valid name of D. daghestanicus Ol for the species earlier referred to as D. niveus Neum. (Kolonin, 1992). Arthur (1960) reduced D. daghestanicus to a synonym of D. niveus, though he did not see the type material of D. niveus. He ignored or did not know of the works of Schulze (1935) or Roman and Sicart (1957). Schulze studied the type series of D. niveus and came to the conclusion that D. niveus and D. daghestanicus are different species. Roman and Sicart also studied the type material of D. niveus from Iran and came to the conclusion that ticks from Iran belong to the species D. marginatus. At our request, on 22 May 2007, Dr. S. Rahbari (University of Tehran) collected ticks from sheep in the type locality of D. niveus (Shahrestanek village, 80 km from Tehran). He sent us the 17 males and 18 females of Dermacentor collected, and they all were found to belong to D. marginatus.

 Literature: Kolonin (1992b), Filippova (1997).

Map 60

 Guatemala and Belize.

 Hosts of imago are peccaries and deer, and this species was also collected on armadillo. Immature ticks have not been described.

 Literature: Yunker et al. (1986), Guglielmone et al. (2003a).

Map 23

 Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas) and Guatemala.

 Apparently it is a one-host species. Adults and immature ticks were found on horses and cattle, and in some cases all stages were collected on the same host.

 Literature: Yunker et al. (1986), Guglielmone et al. (2003a).

Map 22

 Nepal and China (Tibet).

 Alpine deserts of the Himalaya and Tibet, in altitude from 3000 to 5500 m.

 Principal hosts of imago are livestock, but ticks were also collected on wild animals. Immature ticks apparently parasitize rodents.

 Literature: Teng and Jiang (1991).

Map 24

 USA (southern Texas), Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Yucatan, and Chiapas), Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama.

 Adults were collected on peccaries and tree porcupines Coendu mexicanus. Ticks were also found on a cow, a mule, a dog, a skunk, a sloth, and a human. Isolated nymphs were found on a tree porcupine, a mouse, and a bat.

 Literature: Yunker et al. (1986), Guglielmone et al. (2003a).

Map 23

 USA (south-eastern Nevada, south-western Utah, and western Arizona) and Mexico (Baja California and Sonora).

 Principal host of adults is the mountain sheep Ovis canadensis, but ticks were also found on a black-tailed deer, а rabbit, and а human. Immature ticks were described but their hosts in the wild are unknown.

 Literature: Yunker et al. (1986).

Map 28

 Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela.

 Principal host of adults is the peccary Tayassu tajacu, but they were also collected on the deer Mazama americana and humans. Immature ticks have not been described. It is a rare species.

 Literature: Yunker et al. (1986), Guglielmone et al. (2003a).

Map 60

 Costa Rica and Panama.

 Principal host of adults is the tapir Tapirus bairdi, but they were also collected on humans and a dog. Immature ticks have not been described. Rare species.

 Literature: Yunker et al. (1986), Guglielmone et al. (2003a).

 Dermacentor antrorum Reznik, 1950

 ?Dermacentor niveus Neumann, 1897

Map 28

 South Europe to the north as far as France, Germany (south-western), Austria, Slovakia (southern), and Ukraine; Russia to the north as far as Kursk, Voronezh, and Saratov Oblasts, Udmurtia (southern), Bashkiria, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen (southern), Omsk (southern), Novosibirsk, and Kemerovo Oblasts, and Altai Kray; Asia: Turkey, Syria (northern), Iran (northern), Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan (north-eastern), Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China (Xingjiang); North Africa: Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.

 It inhabits steppes, forest-steppes, and dry, sparsely forested areas. In France, ticks are most abundant in oak forests. In southern parts of their range, ticks almost exclusively occur in mountainous regions where they rise up to the altitude of 3500 m. It is a common, and in some places an abundant species. Principal hosts of adults are livestock, but in southern parts of their range wild ungulates (boar, mountain sheep, and goats) also serve a vital role in the life of the ticks. Immature ticks feed exclusively on small mammals.

 Life cycle takes one year. Adults are active in spring, and a second small increase in activity is registered in autumn. In the Lake Sevan region of Armenia, the peak of activity in autumn can be higher than the peak in spring. In southern regions, a small proportion of adults winter on hosts. Immature ticks parasitize hosts in summer.

 It is a vector of many diseases, including rickettsiosis, tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever, piroplasmoses, and others. In Armenia, cases of lamb deaths from mass tick infestation were reported.

 Note: See note to the species D. daghestanicus.

 Literature: Kulik and Vinokurova (1982), Filippova (1997), Teng and Jiang (1991).

Map 6

 Kirghizia, Tajikistan, and China (Xingjiang).

 Mountains at an altitude of 2000 to 4300 m.

 Adults were collected on mountain goats, the long-tailed marmot Marmota caudata, livestock, and vegetation. Immature ticks feed on rodents and pikas.

 Literature: Filippova (1997), Teng and Jiang (1991).

 Anocentor nitens (Neumann, 1897)

Map 28

 America from USA (southern Texas and Florida) to the south as far as Paraguay, Argentina (Salta), and Brazil, including the following islands: Galapagos, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Virgin, Lesser Antilles, and Trinidad. This species was not found in Chile or Uruguay.

 One-host species. Principal hosts of all stages are horses, mules, and donkeys. Ticks are also found on other kinds of livestock, dogs, wild carnivores, and ungulates. Strict localization of ticks on the body of the host, or inside the ears and nasal cavity, is characteristic of these ticks. Intensity of infestation is sometimes very high, and horses are hit particularly hard by ticks of this species.

 Species is common or abundant in Central America and on the Caribbean Islands, but is rare in the northern sections of South America. The range of this species is actively expanding. This species was first discovered in Brazil in 1944, in Florida in 1960, and in Argentina in 1981.

 Literature: Yunker et al. (1986), Need et al. (1991), Guglielmone et al. (2003a).

Map 21

 Russia (Gorny Altai, Kemerovo Oblast, Khakasia, Tuva, southern Krasnoyarsk Kray, the south of Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia, and Chita Oblast), Kazakhstan (Zaysan Depression), Mongolia, and China (Xingjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang).

 Inhabitant of mountain steppes.

 Principal hosts of adults are livestock. Immature ticks feed on rodents, hares, and pikas. Adults are more active in spring and less active in autumn. Some males and females winter on hosts. Immature ticks feed on hosts in summer. Life cycle takes one year.

 This species is most abundant in Mongolia, where over 3000 ticks were collected from one cow. It is a vector of tularemia and tick-borne rickettsiosis in North Asia.

 Literature: Filippova (1997), Dash et al. (1988), Teng and Jiang (1991).

Map 28

 USA (Oregon and California) and Mexico (Baja California and Sinaloa).

 Principal hosts of adults are horses, cattle, and the black-tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus. Ticks often attach to humans. Immature ticks feed on rodents and lagomorphs. Adults parasitize hosts from autumn to spring, and immature ticks from April to October with maximum activity recorded in June to August.